Overview of the Glencoe Massacre

Conflict:Â  The Massacre at Glencoe was part of the repercussions of the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Date:Â  The MacDonalds were attacked on the night of February 13, 1692. Pressure Building Following the ascent of Protestant William III and Mary II to the English and Scottish thrones, many clans in the Highlands rose up in support of James II, their recently deposed Catholic king. Known as Jacobites, these Scots fought to return James to the throne but were defeated by Government troops in mid-1690. In the wake of James defeat at the Battle of the Boyne in Ireland, the former king withdrew to France to begin his exile. On August 27, 1691, William offered the Jacobite Highland clans a pardon for their role in the uprising provided that their chiefs swore allegiance to him by the end of the year. This oath was to be given to a magistrate and those who failed to appear before the deadline were threatened with harsh repercussions from the new king. Concerned over whether to accept Williams offer, the chiefs wrote to James asking his permission. Delaying over a decision as he still hoped to regain his throne, the former king finally accepted his fate and granted it late that fall. Word of his decision did not reach the Highlands until mid-December due to particularly harsh winter conditions. Upon receiving this message, the chiefs quickly moved to obey Williams command. The Oath Alastair MacIain, the chief of the MacDonalds of Glencoe, set out on December 31, 1691, for Fort William where he intended to give his oath. Arriving, he presented himself to Colonel John Hill, the governor, and stated his intentions to comply with the kings wishes. A soldier, Hill stated that he was not permitted to accept the oath and told him to see Sir Colin Campbell, the sheriff of Argyle, at Inveraray. Before the MacIain departed, Hill gave him a letter of protection and a letter explaining to Campbell that MacIain had arrived before the deadline. Riding south for three days, MacIain reached Inveraray, where he was forced to wait three more days to see Campbell. On January 6, Campbell, after some prodding, finally accepted MacIains oath. Departing, MacIain believed that he had fully complied with the kings wishes. Campbell forwarded MacIains oath and the letter from Hill to his superiors in Edinburgh. Here they were examined and a decision was made not to accept MacIains oath without a special warrant from the king. The paperwork was not, however, sent on and a plot was hatched to eliminate the MacDonalds of Glencoe. The Plot Apparently led by Secretary of State John Dalrymple, who had a hatred of the Highlanders, the plot sought to eliminate a troublesome clan while making an example for the others to see. Working with Sir Thomas Livingstone, the military commander in Scotland, Dalrymple secured the kings blessing for taking measures against those who had not given the oath in time. In late January, two companies (120 men) of the Earl of Argyles Regiment of Foot were sent to Glencoe and billeted with the MacDonalds. These men were specifically chosen as their captain, Robert Campbell of Glenlyon, had seen his land plundered by the Glengarry and Glencoe MacDonalds after the 1689 Battle of Dunkeld. Arriving in Glencoe, Campbell and his men were warmly greeted by MacIain and his clan. It appears that Campbell was unaware of his actual mission at this point, and he and men graciously accepted MacIains hospitality. After peacefully coexisting for two weeks, Campbell received new orders on February 12, 1692, following the arrival of Captain Thomas Drummond. That No Man Escape Signed by Major Robert Duncanson, the orders stated, You are hereby ordered to fall upon the rebels, the MacDonalds of Glencoe, and put all to the sword under seventy. You are to have special care that the old fox and his sons do upon no account escape your hands. You are to secure all the avenues that no man escape. Pleased to have an opportunity to exact revenge, Campbell issued orders for his men to attack at 5:00 AM on the 13th. As dawn approached, Campbells men fell upon the MacDonalds in their villages of Invercoe, Inverrigan, and Achacon. MacIain was killed by Lieutenant John Lindsay and Ensign John Lundie, though his wife and sons managed to escape. Through the glen, Campbells men had mixed feelings about their orders with several warning their hosts of the coming attack. Two officers, Lieutenants Francis Farquhar, and Gilbert Kennedy refused to take part and broke their swords in protest. Despite these hesitations, Campbells men killed 38 MacDonalds and put their villages to the torch. Those MacDonalds who survived were forced to flee the glen and an additional 40 died from exposure. Aftermath As news of the massacre spread across Britain, an outcry rose against the king. While sources are unclear as to whether William knew the full extent of the orders he signed, he quickly moved to have the matter investigated. Appointing a commission of inquiry in early 1695, William awaited their findings. Completed June 25, 1695, the commissions report declared that the attack was murder, but exonerated the king stating that his instructions regarding repercussions did not extend to the massacre. The majority of the blame was placed on Dalrymple; however, he was never punished for his role in the affair. In the wake of the report, the Scottish Parliament requested an address to the king to be drawn up calling for the punishment of the conspirators and suggesting compensation to surviving MacDonalds. Neither occurred, though the MacDonalds of Glencoe were permitted to return to their lands where they lived in poverty due to the loss of their property in the attack.

Yves Saint Laurents Life Of Becoming A Fashion Designer

Yves Saint Laurent Background: Yves Henri Donat Mathieu- Saint-Laurent, who is also known as Yves Saint Laurent, was born in Oran, Algeria on August 1, 1936. He was the only boy out of three children that were birthed to Charles and Lucienne Andree Mathieu-Saint-Laurent. As young child, Yves would create dresses for his sisters and mother to wear. He also enjoyed making little doll figures. The fashion world was a place of piece in Yves world of torture. In school he was often bullied due to be homosexual. When Saint Laurent was at the age of 17 years old his mother took him to Paris to officially pursue his dreams of becoming a fashion designer. He enrolled in to a stint fashion school, but that was short live when he won a design contest. Due to winning that fashion design contest he was given the opportunity to meet Vogue editor Michel da Brunhoff. Vogue was so impress with his designs that they not only took published his them, but Yves and showed the designs to a designer and fashion icon, Christian Dior. Di or loved the designs that were places upon him and hire the young Yves Saint Laurent had his design assistant for House of Dior. In 1960, Yves Saint Laurent would leave his positon as creative director for House of Dior to fight for the French military on the South of France. He later returned home and continued on with his fashion career. On June 1, 2008 Yves Saint Laurent passed away in his Paris home from brain cancer. He was 71 years of age. Work/Style: AfterShow MoreRelatedAmerican Fashion Influenced By The First Two Waves Of Feminism3820 Words   |  16 PagesI am researching to what extent was American fashion influenced by the first two waves of feminism. During the first wave of feminism, which took place during the late 19th century and early 20th century, women fought for the right to vote, through protests, and eventually achieved this goal. Fashion was influenced during this time- going from conservative Victorian-style ways of dressing to more free ones. During the second wave of feminism, taking place in between the 1960’s and 1980’s, women fought

Sustainable Living Economic Problem

Question: Write about theSustainable Livingfor Economic Problem. Answer: Sustainability refers to the broad means to adapt, which is to try to drastically that is, to readily change from a technology that is less sustainable to a technology that is more sustainable. Sustainable innovations on most occasions depend on the regulations of government and economic problem which are reduced in terms of instability in the country. Due to most changes that occur on the environment it is hard or hard to predict any sustainability that may arise from innovations in the future or long run. The different indicators of sustainability have become useful in different countries to be able to make policies and communicating with the public to pass information about the country and how they can improve their corporate performance in different fields like environment, the economy, the society or even technology improvement. The indicators of sustainability development help to ensure that complex information is communicated to the public. There are different strategies and f rameworks used by the government for sustainable development. (Sachs 2015). According to the study by Cubukcu 2013 , it examines the corporate sustainable development and also its subsequent organizational determinants. The findings from the study found out that factors relating to resources and also other factors related to institutions influence sustainable development in any given country. The media has tried its best to address the issue of sustainable development in the country by highlighting different issues that affect the public. There are different factors that are affected or they go hand in hand with sustainability. These factors involve identification of community, participation of the public in community development and lastly the empowerment of the public in the community development. There are a number of factors to be considered for sustainability development of a given country. One of the factors is of an integrated conservation and be able to develop projects have often stumbled as a result of incorrect way of addressing of these factors. Different innovative approaches need to be incorporated to be able to integrate conservation and sustainability development. There are different approaches to be applied will include the changes necessary to institutions, management and hence decision making strategies to address the different issues to be able to meet the conservation and development objectives. There are fundamental changes and strategies that are necessary to institutions, management and decisio n-making to address sustainability development issues and also to be able to effectively meet conservation and development objectives. Sustainable living on the hand refers to one of the lifestyles in which an individual in the society tries to reduce the usage of either his personal resources or even the natural environment in the ecosystem or the environment. Some of the factors that are addressed in sustainable living are; the use of energy, transportation, consumption and also the diet consumed by the individuals in the society. The aim of sustainable living is when individuals are able to conduct their daily lives in a manner that is in line with sustainability. This can be achieved through the community shifting to energy which is renewable, reusing of materials and diversified transport system. The community living around will only move or shift to the renewable technology in use if the community builds an attractive environment to the culture of the local people and lastly if the environment can be maintained for future generations. (Ergas 2010). According to Lorek 2013 ,one of the ways of sustainable living is the conservation of water by the individuals in the society. It is more important to consider the soil and plants with the available water. There are plants and shrubs that are drought resistant and require less amount of water than the normal trees that are planted in most homes. One of the technology to be applied involve xeriscaping which is a method of selecting the plants which are drought tolerant .The technique can help reduce the usage of water by 50-70 % .The planting of trees on slopes helps reduce the wastage of water by increasing the rate of absorption of water by the plants. Another technology that has been adapted by the public in conservation of water is the adoption of drip irrigation. Drip irrigation helps conserve water by allowing small amounts of water to trickle down the plants. Also there is a layer of organic matter referred to as mulch which helps reduce the amount of water that trickle down to the plants hence allowing for the conservation of water. Other types of technology will involve dish washers which can recycle the amount of water that is used leading to sustainable living in the environment. Another way of sustainable living is the conservation of the energy used in the homes of the community. Energy needs to be conserved for sustainable development in the environment. Most of the homes depend on the green electricity which is generated from water which is harnessed .It is advisable to use different technologies to harness the electricity. One of the methods of harnessing the power will be through solar power. The different technology used to harness electricity will involve the use of photo-voltaic cells organized into panels and concentrated solar power to produce electricity. Solar power helps to conserve energy as the energy got from the sun is unlimited. Other sources of energy that can be applied involve wind energy, geothermal power from steam and many others. Sustainable transport system is another factor that needs to be addressed for sustainable development in the environment. There has been a concern of the increase in price of oil due to inadequacy, increase in climate warming due to carbon emissions and high prices of the energy. There is need for sustainable living in the sustainability of the transport sector. There is need for low cost transportation and sustainable transport system like the use of rail system which in most countries it involves the underground rail system. Countries like Holland are using bicycles as a means of transport system. It is more efficient because it helps reduce congestion, reduce the rate of carbon and noise pollution. Carpooling is also another way of reducing oil consumption and carbon emitted by vehicles on transit (Schaffers2011). Sustainable living will involve the renewal of materials, toxic substances and waste in the environment. As the population increases then it leads to more affluent in the environment. There are different ways of sustainable living concerning the renewal of materials and toxic substances. One of the ways will be to reuse the materials or even recycling the waste. There has been an increase in the level of chemical production which includes herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers which are hazardous to the environment and all the health of the people. There has been also an increase of greenhouse gas emissions, the individuals need to address this issue by using harmless synthetic chemicals and also vigorous testing of the new chemicals which does not affect the environment. Lastly sustainable living will entail the use of sustainable building materials in the environment by the public in the conservation of the environment. It is important to insulate homes because of the energy that is conserved throughout the life in homes. There are different roofing technologies that have been adapted that help in reducing the need for cooling or heating. Another important technology is the usage of energy efficient windows that will help in insulation of the house to conserve the energy (Marckmann2012) .Low e-glass is another method of window insulation. It helps keep the interior of the house warm and cold in respective seasons. Efficient utilization of energy and conservation of water are the key factors in sustainable housing and sustainable living leading to sustainability in the environment. In conclusion sustainable living and development entails people and their relationship with the environment. There is need to conserve the environment because of the value that it brings and it is scarce. For a country to have economic growth and development then it needs to take care of its environment through the scarce resources that are available through better sustainable living by the citizens. ( Liedtke2012). References Baedeker, C., Greiff, K., Grinewitschus, V., Hasselku, M., Keyson, D., Knutsson, J., ... van Rijn, M. (2014, August). Transition through sustainable Product and Service Innovations in Sustainable Living Labs: application of user-centred research methodology within four Living Labs in Northern Europe. In5th International Sustainable Transitions (IST) Conference(pp. 27-29). Cubukcu, E. (2013). Walking for sustainable living.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,85, 33-42. Ergas, C. (2010). A model of sustainable living: Collective identity in an urban ecovillage.Organization Environment,23(1), 32-54. Liedtke, C., Jolanta Welfens, M., Rohn, H., Nordmann, J. (2012). LIVING LAB: user-driven innovation for sustainability.International journal of sustainability in higher education,13(2), 106-118. Lorek, S., Spangenberg, J. H. (2014). Sustainable consumption within a sustainable economybeyond green growth and green economies.Journal of cleaner production,63, 33-44. Marckmann, B., Gram-Hanssen, K., Christensen, T. H. (2012). Sustainable living and co-housing: Evidence from a case study of eco-villages.Built Environment,38(3), 413-429. Mont, O., Neuvonen, A., Lhteenoja, S. (2014). Sustainable lifestyles 2050: stakeholder visions, emerging practices and future research.Journal of Cleaner Production,63, 24-32. Ooi, N., Laing, J. H. (2010). Backpacker tourism: sustainable and purposeful? Investigating the overlap between backpacker tourism and volunteer tourism motivations.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,18(2), 191-206. Sachs, J. D. (2015).The age of sustainable development. Columbia University Press. Schaffers, H., Komninos, N., Pallot, M., Trousse, B., Nilsson, M., Oliveira, A. (2011, May). Smart cities and the future internet: Towards cooperation frameworks for open innovation. InThe Future Internet Assembly(pp. 431-446). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

The Politics of Management Thought a Case Study of Harvard Business School and Human Relations School Essay Example

The Politics of Management Thought: a Case Study of Harvard Business School and Human Relations School Essay Summary of ‘The Politics of Management Thought: A Case Study of the Harvard Business School and the Human Relations School’ HBR and HRS achieved an early success under leadership of Mayo and Donham, where HRS positioned HBS as solution to pressing social, economic and political issues. Historical context in article is about contemporary events to business leaders reacted. Alongside postwar, physical and philosophical reconstruction and labor concessions came. After few days armistice was signed, presidents announced end of labor concessions. Dewey et al advocated application of civic democracy principles to workplace, called idealists, where idealists advocate role of labor and realist advocate greater control by administrators. These debates played role in construction of HBS and HRS. Wallace Donham, was appointed as dean of HBS in 1919. At that time HBS was suffering from severe financial problems and was under attack from academicians and businessmen. The scholars criticized academic men valuing their work just to earn money to counter this problem he hired faculty from well-known disciplines such as history and philosophy. Businessmen criticized business schools, giving nothing but useless knowledge. Donham successfully brought HBS out of financial crises building relationships with CEO’s of big corporations. In 1926, Donham purposed hiring of Elton Mayo, who enjoyed a strong support in corporate circle. Beardsley Ruml, Director of LSRM felt that Mayo’s can fill the space left in the area of industrial psychiatry. Thus addressing psychopathic factor involved in industrial discontent at that time and bringing stability in industrial relation to overcome dissatisfaction and strikes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Politics of Management Thought: a Case Study of Harvard Business School and Human Relations School specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Politics of Management Thought: a Case Study of Harvard Business School and Human Relations School specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Politics of Management Thought: a Case Study of Harvard Business School and Human Relations School specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Donham being very eagerly expectant of HRS wanted to project its role as a â€Å"Savior. Whereas, Mayo focused the Executives, concerned about the workers irrational and agitation-prone mind. In Hawthorne studies Mayo was criticized for having a mindset afflicted with class conflict, industrial unrest, threats to social, political and economic orders. Mayo was of the view that the human factor in industries remains highly neglected. Mayo explained contemporary events with the help of psychology. In one of his articles mayo criticized classical economics, he was of the view that economics ignore human factor. In his second article he identified uncontrolled mind as the most dangerous thing, leading to crime war and social revolution. His third article was about mind of agitator, in his view agitator is the person who blame society for the troubles he face, and as a result his mind becomes obsessed with rage. In the fourth article Mayo elaborated on the dangers of democracy that it leads to social disintegration. In the final article Mayo linked democracy with psychopathological tendencies. Mayo cited industry as having a social function and identified labor unrest a result of individual’s fundamental disorientation to life and disintegration of personality leading to disordering of values and maladaptaion to the industrial environment. Mayo argued that labor is incapable of understanding his own problems and these cannot be solved through his participation in management, opposing the stance of industrial democrats. Mayo through his research demonstrated that fatigue causes reveries producing psychological agitation leading to social unrest. This conclusion led him using psychological theories to work place. Through Hawthorne studies Mayo persuaded that clinical interview was a treatment allowing interviewee to exactly know his real problem. Mayo was influenced by psychology to view workplace problems as symptoms of underlying unconscious disorientation. On this premise he developed agenda of research for industry and convinced leaders that it will solve their worries about labor strife. We find this article very interesting, as we got to know, how Mayo and Donham fulfilled their own needs ( i. e. Mayo was dropped out of the Medical school and was virtually broke, he struggled to gain foothold in academic community whereas Donham struggled to build HBS’s financial security, as well as academic and corporate prestige, and he countered the criticism of academics and corporate) by proposing solutions for contemporary social political and economic issues.