Good Persuasive Essay Topics For Middle School

Good Persuasive Essay Topics For Middle SchoolGood persuasive essay topics for middle school are important. The number of people reading your essay in class can be a determining factor in whether you will graduate from middle school. That being said, it is wise to read a little more about persuasive essay topics for middle school and give them some serious thought before submitting an essay.You have to be well prepared for what you are going to write. You should know what is expected of you as well as what are the common persuasive essay topics for middle school students. Being familiar with these topics before you start your writing will give you a general idea on what they are like and what they are going to involve. This will also help you determine if your topic is applicable to the school setting.One of the most common persuasive essay topics for middle school students is making the teacher's job easier. Here, you use simple concepts and reasoning to make the teacher feel that h e/she has been doing his/her job correctly. As a teacher, it would be a good idea to make it easy for the children to understand your instructions as well as the instruction of other students in the class.Another persuasive essay topics for middle school students is a way of keeping your class focused on the assignment at hand. Here, you use general concepts such as positive thinking and energy to help get the students to focus on the course material instead of thinking about other things. This is a good way to motivate the students to get a good grade.This last category of persuasive essay topics for middle school students is learning about leadership. Some forms of leadership are very difficult to understand for children. Instead of having the class walk out in protest due to frustration, teach them how to learn through their own self-learning and allow the kids to lead.Most people want to lead their lives and they want to be on top but they have no idea about the fundamentals of leadership or about general principles such as honesty, respect, caring for others, teamwork, passion, etc. This is a great subject for middle school students to learn about as a way of helping them grow into mature adults.These are just a few of the general persuasive essay topics for middle school students. There are hundreds of other topics that you can discuss. It is really up to you on what topic to write about for your essay.While you may think that middle school is a boring time of year, it is very possible to make it interesting. Use the resources available to learn about the different persuasive essay topics for middle school students.

The Large Movements of Volatility Spreading by the European Monetary union - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1394 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Over the last months, European Monetary Union (EMU) countries have experienced large movements in their spreads with an unrecorded degree of volatility. Academic research consensuses agree these movements havent been the result of the same causes over time; for instance, at the beginning of the crisis investors required higher premiums, making the market price of risk increase. There were a preference for few riskier assets, making sovereign securities the favorites at the expense of corporate bonds and other riskier assets; therefore, it creates a new vision and a higher degree of differentiation among financial assets. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Large Movements of Volatility Spreading by the European Monetary union" essay for you Create order According to Elizalde Gallo (2008), during the second half of 2007, spreads levels increased because of market turbulence, instead of the risk to default. Credit markets experienced a flight-from-quality phenomenon which increased the perceived credit risk of the safest credit instruments. Moreover, Bernoth, Von Hagen and Schuknecht (2004) conclude that in time of uncertainty, investors move to safer and more liquid assets because of risk aversion. The crisis has increased sovereign risk causing greater budget deficits and stopping the potential growth of the country. At the beginning of the crisis the countries which suffer most because of it were the only one which increased their sovereign credit risk premiums, later on, spreads started to increase in countries highly indebted but with weak fundamentals. Crises increase the pressure on countrys indebtedness and at the same time they make more difficult to sovereign to fulfil debt commitments because of the decreasing path in s overeign economic growth they create. Moreover, because of the existence cross-border spillovers, the transmission of sovereign risk threatens the global financial stability. This paper is based on the methodology developed by Caceres, Guzzo and Segoviano (2010) and it reviews how sovereign swap spreads in the euro area can be discomposed on measures of sovereigns fundamentals (sovereign-specific fiscal situation), global risk aversion and contagion. Additionally, we are going to assess how each of those components have affected the spreads during the current financial crisis, putting special emphasis on the Greek crisis, which has affected many European countries lately. The first component, developed in Espinoza and Segoviano (2010), explores the index of global risk aversion (IGRA) component. IGRA allows us to use CDS spreads in computing probabilities of default by typify the market price of risk relied on risk aversion. The second component is contagion, distress dependence, or Spillover coefficient (SC). SC is developed by Segoviano and Goodhart (2009), and it characterizes the probability of distress of a country conditional on other countries (in the sample) becoming distressed. The third component, country-specific fundamentals (CSF), is obtained by each countrys stock of public debt and budget deficit as a share of GDP. The goal of this paper is may be divided in three parts (i) to probe the approach functionality and accuracy in discomposing spreads regarding each factor (ii) to analyze sovereign risk transmission progress since crisis started, (iii) to broad the spectrum of the original research including recent information. For this goal, we are going to consider our reference period is from July 2007 to date. The structure of the paper is as follows: section III introduces the advantages of the model, section IV develops the theoretical framework around the model, section V describes the estimation model, section VI Describes the Data set t o be use, section VII develops the empirical test, section VIII Describe results, section IX conclusions. The choice of the sovereigns included in the study was based mostly not only on the importance to understand what factors have been most relevant in explaining the distress that Euro Area countries have experienced after the Greek event, but also on data availability. Our study is including ten of the twelve original countries included in the EMU. These countries are Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, Greece, Ireland and Portugal. Finland and Luxemburg were excluded because of lack of long and reliable CDS spread information. III. ADVANTAGES OF THE MODEL Although there is previous literature, the approach to be reviewed provides useful insights into the analysis of sovereign spreads by discomposing them onto (i) global risk aversion, (ii) sovereign fundamentals and (iii) contagion. Global risk aversion. There is more research trying to asses the impact of risk aversion; however some of the former papers use proxies affected by other factors resulting in inaccurate conclusions (Codogno et al, 2003). The advantage of all these methods is that they are based in observable measures; therefore information is readily accessible. Other papers, for instance, try to extract the risk-aversion component from sovereign spreads series; therefore, depending on the sample. Segoviano, Caceres, Guzzo (2010) measure of risk aversion is based on the methodology developed by Segoviano, Espinoza (2010) which bigger advantage is that it is independent of the data sample Sovereign fundamentals. We are going to use sovereigns stock of public debt ad budget deficit as a share if GDP. Using linear interpolation on quarterly data, we get daily series. Contagion. Another innovation in the study. The spillover coefficient (SC) is the measure of distress dependence where contagion comes from. SC characterizes the probability of one sovereign getting distressed conditional on other countries getting distressed. SC is a methodology developed by Caceres, Guzzo and Segoviano, (2010) and it is based on Goodhart, Segoviano (2009). Spillover is particularity important under a specific environment such as the EMU. The dependence among sovereigns the spillover coefficient is measuring includes among others trade, capital flows, and contingent liabilities (macro-financial linkages) among them. Contingent liabilities are important, since a sovereign in distress within the EMU becomes a contingent liability to the others. Previous research argues movement in spreads is caused for the level of short-term interest rates due to a strong corr elation not only between interest rates and government bonds spreads, but also between spreads of corporate and government bonds (Manganelli and Wolswijk (2007). They argue that because of low interest rates, investments on the government bond market increased and spreads narrowed; however, during the crisis in 2007, it was not the case. While spreads kept widening, interest rate were historically low; therefore, one of the important questions become, what is driving this spreads-movement if not interest rates?. To include measures or global risk aversion and contagion in the analysis of sovereign swaps spreads makes from this methodology a reliable and innovative alternative. Knowing what are the factors affecting the movements in the spreads and the specific nature of risk transmission into the EMU is a crucial point for decision-making, for instance, sovereign spreads might exhibit movements without any considerable change in their fundamentals. Within the EMU environment, a weak sovereigns fundamentals concern all others, because the sovereign in distress is going to be supported by the rest of the Union. Sovereigns monetary and fiscal policies have a huge impact in government bond yields; therefore bond yields do not allow us to get accurately the default risk premium. Instead, it is proposed to look Credit Default Swap rates (CDS), spread on bonds denominated in the same currency (in this case EURO) or interest rate swap spreads. Any of the proposed options have advantages and disadvantages; however, because of the interest rate swap market is one of the most liquid and because it was one of the first financial markets following the creation of the European Union, Segoviano, Caceres and Guzzo (2010) defined swap spreads as the measure for sovereign default risk for their methodology. To illustrate the importance of the methodology, it is important to describe the findings resulted from its development. For research purposes, Caceres, Guzzo and Sego viano (2010), divided the last global financial crisis in four phases. They defined these phases according to common behavior among sovereigns. The four phases are (i) Financial crisis buildup (July 2007-2008), (ii) Systematic outbreak (October 2008 March 2009), (iii) Systematic response (April 2009 October 2009), (iv) Sovereign risk (November 2009 March 2010). Their finding can be summarizing as follows: Financial crisis buildup (July 2007-2008). Sovereigns such as France and Germany were benefited by increase in risk aversion due to investors behavior to look for safer assets. For other sovereigns, spreads widened Systematic outbreak (October 2008 March 2009). Austria, Belgium, Ireland and Netherlands, sovereigns with financial systems and other concerns, started to struggle. Systematic response (April 2009 October 2009). Risk aversion felt due to policies to support banks. Swap spreads started to narrow. Sovereign risk (November 2009 March 2010). Spillovers and worsening fundamentals among countries with fiscal concerns like Spain, Portugal, Greece and Italy started to have effects and their spreads widened.

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain - 874 Words

Always Do Right. This Will Gratify Some People and Astonish the Rest (as qtd. in â€Å"Famous Twain Quotes† 1). Mark Twain’s virtuous dedication in this quote is only the surface of his expressed ideas on morality. In his extensive literary work, Twain has frequently used the morality of his characters and the methods of their moral progressions as central themes. Such as with The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the moral progression of Huck himself is notably displayed. In the novel, Mark Twain posits that morals come from one’s experience primarily and mocks morals that come from the church, all despite claims that the most prominent and auspicious source is the community. Consistently throughout the novel, Huckleberry Finn experiences a†¦show more content†¦That development shows one’s experience playing the largest role in one’s morals. In the novel, the church lies in opposition to one’s experience. Majorly the target of Twain’s derision throughout the novel, the church is a typically ineffective and insubstantial moral source. The Grangerford versus Shepherdson feud is a setting in which a certain sermon about the stark opposite theme of the feud is ironically placed in the middle of it. As Huck describes it, this â€Å"[p]retty ornery preaching - all about brotherly love† (Twain 83) is a tactic of blatant juxtaposition. The hypocritical acceptance of the sermon by the families while continuing the conflict is an explicit illustration by Twain of the typically weightless, hollow morals conveyed by organized religion. Twain continues his mocking of the Church through another depiction of a hysterical spiritual meeting in Arkansas. The â€Å"just crazy and wild† (Twain 99) crowd inspired by the concurrent religious speech and the demagogy of the king and duke is meant to display the commu nity’s gullibility in the vanguard. Twain uses the hysteria as another negative example of the vacuous mortality of the church and their frenzied followers. Regardless of Twain s points on the precedence of one’s experience in morality, opposing views state the community possesses greater presence andShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain830 Words   |  3 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is â€Å"A Great American Novel†, because of its complexity and richness. Twain writes dialogue that brings his characters to life. He creates characters with unique voice and helps the reader connect to the book. Anyone who reads it is forced to develop feelings for each character. Even though there is a great amount of controversy over the use of some choices, such as the â€Å"n word†, it makes the book more realistic. In the beginning of the novel Huck,Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1103 Words   |  5 PagesDmitri Van Duine Jr English Mr. Nelson November 27th The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Written by Mark Twain filled his stories with many examples of satire as to convey a message while also writing an interesting story. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn revolves around the adventures of a young boy called Huckleberry Finn, who is about thirteen years old. Tom Sawyer is Huck’s best friend and around the same age as Huck. He is onlyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesZambrano Mrs. Patmor AP Lit-Period 5 28 September 2016 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1835 Mark Twain embodies realism in almost every aspect of his writing not excluding The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which in he portrays such a lifelike setting that it almost gives you this sense of reality through the point of view of a young man that has an urge for freedom yet struggles to conform to society s norms due to his adolescence. Twain s ability to unmask the true identities of the charactersRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain931 Words   |  4 PagesWolski Mrs. Goska English 2H Period 3 22 October 2014 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mob mentality is the way an individual’s decisions become influenced by the often unprincipled actions of a crowd. Mark Twain penned The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Twain grew up in America’s southern states during the early 1800’s, a time in which moral confusion erupted within the minds of humans. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn s protagonist is a young boy named Huck who freely travels alongRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1375 Words   |  6 Pagesmention the years spent growing and maturing physically. Teenagers are stuck in an inbetween state where they must learn who they want to become and what they want to be when they grow older. The same is true for Huckleberry Finn, from the book â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain. This is a book that was written in a time of great confusion over moral codes and standards. It was a world split in half by two different worlds of people; those who opposed, a nd those who promoted slavery.Read MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain2083 Words   |  9 PagesSatire in Huckleberry Finn In the novel â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, we are told a story about a young boy and his slave companion’s journey down the Mississippi River and all of their encounters with other characters. Twain constructed a beautiful narrative on how young Huck Finn, the protagonist in the story, learns about the world and from other adult characters, how he is shaped into his own person. At the time this book was made however, this novel provided serious socialRead MoreMark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1575 Words   |  6 Pages Mark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Controversy Mark Twain, born Samuel Langhorne Clemens, is a highly recognizable figure in American literature. Born in Florida, Missouri Mark Twain and his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri where Twain discovered and fell in love with the mighty Mississippi River. The river and his life in Hannibal became his inspiration and guiding light in most of his writing. Although Twain loved the river and did a great deal of traveling, he eventuallyRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1005 Words   |  5 Pages In the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain in the 19th century is about a young boy named Huck Finn and Jim, a runaway slave who go on an adventure. The two travel on a raft along the Mississippi river creating a bond and making memories. Mark Twain presents Huckleberry Finn as a dynamic character who at first views Jim as property and eventually considers Jim as a friend, showing a change in maturity. In the beginning of the book, Huck Finn clearly sees Jim as nothing more thanRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1335 Words   |  6 Pagesyear The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is placed in the top ten banned books in America. People find the novel to be oppressing and racially insensitive due to its frequent use of the n-word and the portrayal of blacks as a Sambo caricature. However, this goes against Mark Twain’s intent of bringing awareness to the racism in America. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is classified under the genre of satire and is narrated by a fictional character named Huckleberry Finn. The novelRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain810 Words   |  4 PagesBefore Mark Twain started to write two of his most famous novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark was known to use his characters to display his own thoughts and opinions. â€Å"This device allowed him to s ay just about anything he wanted, provided he could convincingly claim he was simply reporting what others had said.† (Twain, 1283). Mark Twain used this process to be a foundation of his lectures, by manipulating his popularly with his readers. During the story

Edexcel Igcse Economics Answer - 49663 Words

Answers: Section A: The Market System Chapter 1 (a) In all of the photographs goods are being traded. In A, people are buying goods from market traders in a souq. In B, goods are being sold by auction. In C, shoppers are buying goods from a supermarket. And finally, in D, cars are being bought at a car lot. (b) In C, shoppers queuing at a checkout will pay the price that is displayed on the labels of products (or at the point of sale). Shoppers will either pay the price shown or choose not to buy the various products. In D, the price is determined through negotiation between the car salesperson and the buyer. There is likely to be a price displayed for the car but this is usually a starting point for negotiations to begin. The†¦show more content†¦Demand is forcing up the price. On the other hand, if there are only a few bids this means that demand is low and the price of the product will also be low. If there are no bids at all this means that there is no demand and the product will go unsold. Sometimes on eBay there may be lots of people selling the same or very similar products. This means that supply is high and the effect will be to lower prices. Chapter 2 Getting started: (a) According to the table, when the price of fleeces is $50, 5,000 fleeces will be purchased per week. (b) As the price of fleeces goes up the number purchased per week falls. For example, when the price is increased from $50 to $70 the number of fleeces likely to be purchased falls from 5,000 to 3,000. (c) When the price of fleeces is lowered, the number purchased per week rises. For example, if the price is reduced from $50 to $40 the number of fleeces likely to be purchased rises from 5,000 to 6,000. Question 1: (a) If the rugby union club charges 40 Euros for a fixture, the attendance would be 5,000. (b) To fill the stadium the price must be set at 10 Euros. At 10 Euros 30,000 spectators would be attracted. This is full capacity. Exam practice – The Byron Bay Surf Shack: (a) Effective demand shows how much would be bought (i.e. how much people can afford to buy and would actually buy) at any given price. It does not mean how much people would like to buy

Springfield Master Planned Community Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Springfield Master Planned Community. Answer: Introduction Over the past decades, with the overall increasing global population and changes in the lifestyles and standard of life of people across the world, there have been considerable changes in terms of the demands of types of housings among residents in the global scenario. Keeping the aspects of greater conveniences of the residents and better utilization of scarce land resources and other resources in consideration the concept of planned community has been gradually coming into existence in the contemporary periods and the same has already developed in many countries including the USA, the UK, Australia and others[1]. The term Planned Community refers to a kind of residential development where the overall infrastructure, consisting of housings, roads, natural resources, stores, connectivity and other amenities of life, is designed with care such that together they can make living in these communities convenient and easy. In general, planned communities are developed in such a way that apart from well-equipped houses, all the other facilities required for a better quality of life, like shopping centers, health care centers, schools, etc. are present within a small perimeter. In this context, several such communities are being developed in Australia, of which the one in the Springfield Lakes region of the country, specifically the Greater Springfield, is considered to be one of the best master planned community being developed in the recent times. Developed from scratch, in the previously underdeveloped but natural resource and greenery rich Springfield Lake region, these planned community have suff icient greeneries and natural resources as well as robust connectivity with the urban areas, so as to facilitate the different everyday activities of the residents, both personal as well as professional. The Springfield planned community region provides a host of facilities, which are targeted to increase the convenience of the personal as well as professional lives of those who tend to reside in this region. However, there also remains some aspects on which the planners need to emphasize further so as to make the planned community even more appealing to the potential clients. These are discussed in the following sections. Pros of residing in the Springfield Master Planned Community There are widespread benefits of staying in planned community in the Springfield region of Australia, few of the primary ones being discussed in this essay. The primary benefit of staying in planned community is the presence of almost all the amenities required for a healthy, enjoyable and productive lifestyle within manageable distances. This allows the residents to live a hassle free life, where they do not need to travel long distances and bear the burden of traffic and wastage of time to get the basic requirements of their life[2]. The Springfield planned community, though situated in off route area, can be seen to be usually of all the amenities like communication, grocery stores, internet facilities, health care facilities and entertainment resources, which facilities better lifestyle. The community also has access to schools, health care centers, emergency services and a host of transport and communication facilities with other parts of the country, as can be seem from their r oute map: Another positive implication of planned communities is the presence of higher securities as a whole. Considering the fact that in the contemporary period the family structures have been reducing in size and the overall criminal activities in the society, the protection of people, especially the vulnerable share of population, inclusive of children, elderly people and women becomes an issue of immense concern. The Springfield commuunity, in this aspect, has provisions of providing a more secured environment for the residents, with high end security features and patrolling guards around the residential facilities. It is also found to be equipped with basic health care services, also ensure health securities of the elderly residents to a considerable extent. This makes the planned community in Springfield even more appealing to the new age nuclear families where the security of the elderly people as well as that of the children is one of the primary requirements which the families seek while looking for an accommodation. The provision of shared amenities also adds to the advantages of residing in planned communities. In case of living in ad hoc residential facilities, people need to buy all their requirements individually, thereby making it expensive and constricting their choices. This also leads to inefficient usage of scarce resources. Springfield on the other hand has built up different necessary as well as recreational facilities which are available to its residing members, provided that the maintenance fees are paid by all of them. There remain provisions for all the members to enjoy all the amenities which include schools, community centers, walking trails, care units and others[4]. The presence of proper management also helps in proper and hassle free regular maintenance of the properties, which decreases the burden on the members individually. This also increases the efficiency of utilization of resources in the planned community, thereby contributing positively to the overall economy. The residents of Springfield Lakes also get the chance to socialize and live in a friendly neighborhood, which improves their quality of life. There also remains provision of vehicle parking, cycle routes, parks and community recreation centers for a better quality of life of the residents. Thus, from the above discussion it can be asserted that there remains several positive implications for the families, especially the modern nuclear ones, with children and adult members, to buy properties in the master planned community in the Springfield Lake region. The comfort, presence of amenities and high security inside as well as outside the community accounts for the same. However, the community does have several negative implications too, unlike what is portrayed in its advertisements, which are discussed in the following section. Cons of residing in Springfield Master Planned Community However, in spite of the presence of huge facilities and benefits of residing in the equipped and integrated planned community in Springfield, there remain several drawbacks of the same. One of the primary issues, which the potential residents face while trying to buy properties in this planned community, is the issue of high maintenance fees and HOA fees. The master planned community in the Springfield Lake region, is one of the best in the country inclusive of all the necessary as well as luxurious amenities[5]. However, these conveniences, which are enjoyed by the residents in this community, do not come free of cost and the residents are required to pay maintenance fees on a regular basis. These fees are often high as compared to normal residences, thereby creating a tradeoff between convenience and savings for the residents. Apart from the problem of high fees, the problem of externalities also exist in planned communities, where the level of individual freedom and privacy is considerably low and there also remains the problem of others determining the way of living of an individuals. Springfield is not an exception to this. In spite of its lavish expanse and beautifully created and maintained residences and amenities like parks and community areas, the residents still feel the absence of freedom to a considerable extent, due to the strict rules which the management imposes regarding the maintenance of the properties as well as in the aspects of discipline and welfare of the other residents. This restricts the creativity of the residents. The elderly people and the children have lesser contact with the outer world and needs to stay in the societies for longer time. Therefore, these people are negatively affected by the presence of such restrictions in the Springfield community. Recommendations and Conclusion Springfield planned community is one of the primary ones currently operating in the geographical boundaries of Australia. Much of the popularity of the community is attributed to the facilities it provides to its residents, the robust communication and transport networks, the school, health care, grocery stores in the walking distance and also the high security within the community. There, however remains a scope of improvement in the delivery of the services of the same in terms of cost effectiveness and the overall fees structure, the reduction of which may help in increasing the number of potential residents in these planned communities, thereby increasing the cost efficiency of the same. Addressing the drawbacks present in the infrastructure of the Springfield community can help in increasing the conveniences and the welfare of the families living in the community, by catering more to their specific needs. References McMahon, Edward,Master Planned Communities: What Does The Future Look Like? - Urban Land Magazine(2018) Urban Land Magazine https://urbanland.uli.org/development-business/master-planned-communities-what-does-the-future-look-like/ PART 14SPRINGFIELD STRUCTURE PLAN(2018) Ipswichplanning.com.au https://www.ipswichplanning.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/2065/ips_part_14_springfield_structure_plan.pdf Qm.com.au,Top 10 Most Wanted List For Master Planned Communities(2018) QM Properties https://www.qm.com.au/top-10-wanted-list-master-planned-communities/ Springfield Lakes Community Vision - Lendlease(2018) Communities.lendlease.com https://communities.lendlease.com/springfield-lakes/living-in-springfield-lakes/community-vision/ The Pros And Cons Of Planned Communities(2018) Actforlibraries.org https://www.actforlibraries.org/the-pros-and-cons-of-planned-communities-3/

Market Failure Food Adulteration in Bangladesh Essay Example

Market Failure: Food Adulteration in Bangladesh Essay Market Failure * Adulteration in Food Industry Submitted to: Mr. Sheikh Morshed Jahan Associate Professor Course Instructor Bangladesh Studies Submitted by: Samia Khan (RQ 16) Adel Mostaque Ahmed (ZR 22) Ahnaf Zabee (ZR 35) Rituraj Baidya (ZR 56) Institute of Business Administration University of Dhaka April 9, 2012 Table of Contents Market failure3 Food adulteration in Bangladesh3 Mouthwatering looks:4 Endurance:4 Examples of food adulteration5 The consequences:6 The awareness issue:6 Penalties7 The Solution8 Conclusion8 Market failure Market failure is a concept within economic theory describing when the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not efficient. That is, there exists another conceivable outcome where a market participant may be made better off without making someone else worse-off. Market failures can be viewed as scenarios where individuals pursuit of pure self-interest leads to results that are not efficient – that can be improved upon from the societal point-of-view. Food adulteration in Bangladesh Food adulteration is the process of adding chemical substances with foods, which should not be contained within food and beverages. Chemical substances or simply adulterants may be added to substances to reduce manufacturing costs, or for some deceptive or malicious purpose. When profit in business is more important than morality, then it is possible to add the poisoning contents to the foods and beverages. A limited number of people may die without foods but a large population has been suffering from complicated diseases related to food adulteration, which may be even lead to death in future. Adulterated food consuming is the waiting for death, which is a worse punishment than death. Food adulteration has become a major problem in Bangladesh. Vegetables, fish, milk, fruit, and sweetmeats nothing is safe, and is being sold in the market profusely. However, the adulteration that affects the consumers directly comes from restaurants. The restaurants are using toxic chemicals like formalin and textile dye stuffs in preserving foods, which play havoc in health system. Most of the country’s population, especially women and children would be the worst victim if the authorities fail to stop food adulteration. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Failure: Food Adulteration in Bangladesh specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Market Failure: Food Adulteration in Bangladesh specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Market Failure: Food Adulteration in Bangladesh specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The number of people afflicted by cancer and other chronic diseases due to taking of adulterated foods has of late gone up to such an alarming level that some people have even stopped buying many essential nutritious foods and vegetables other than some basic food grains, for mere survival, that they assume are not adulterated. Mouthwatering looks: There is a special demand for fresh good-looking foods among customers and they are willing to pay extra just for the look. However, we need to be cautious because, Consumer Association of Bangladesh (CAB) confirmed that wholesalers use several mechanisms to make foods attractive. In their study, it came out that in most cases the spices are mixed with brick dust, cumin is mixed with sawdust, and sugar syrup is added with honey to enhance the sweetness. Dishonest traders use a host of ingredients such as animal fat, palm oil, potato mash and vegetable oil to produce fake butter oil. In another study, the Food and Nutrition Institution, University of Dhaka6 have found alarming level of deadly bacteria like E-coli, Salmonella and Shigella bacteria in most of the restaurant food and street food in the city. Many street food vendors and restaurants recycle burnt cooking oil for frying food items. Once the oil is used for cooking, it becomes oxidized and its further use generates peroxide, which is very harmful for the human body. Endurance: It is a challenge to keep fresh produces, meats and fish for a longer time in Bangladesh. Most of the traders do not have freezing vans or climate control storage facility to ensure the quality of the food. However, many traders came up with unusual ideas to keep their products intact for longer time that pose a long-term health risk to the consumers. Restaurant owners use this technique to reduce their raw material purchasing cost. Often formaldehyde is sprayed to fruits and fishes to keep them fresh for longer duration. Some other examples of food adulteration Views about the proportion of adulterated food items on the market vary between 70 and 90 percent. More than 76 percent food items on the market were found adulterated in a random survey by Public Health Laboratory of Dhaka City Corporation in 2004. There are approximately 150 food items in the country, said SK Roy, a senior scientist at the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B). Roy said that brick dust is applied in chili powder; urea is used to whiten rice and puffed rice; sawdust in loose tea; soap in Ghee; and artificial sweetener, coal tar, and textile dyes in sweetmeats. Formalin applied on fish, fruit, meat, and milk causes throat cancer, blood cancer, childhood asthma, and skin diseases, he said. Poisonous coloring agents like aura mine, rhodomine B, malachite green, yellow G, allura red, and Sudan red applied on food items for coloring, brightness, and freshness damage liver and kidney, and cause stomach cancer, asthma, and bladder cancer, said Roy. Coloring agents chrome, tartzine, and erythrosine are used in spices, sauces, juices, lentils, and oils causing cancer, allergy, and respiratory problem. Calcium carbide may lead to cancer in kidney, liver, skin, prostate, and lungs. Rye flour used in barley, bread, and wheat flour contribute to convulsion and miscarriage. Hormone used in cauliflower causes infertility of women. Agino moto or monosodium glutamate used in Chinese restaurant food items cause nervous system disorder and depression. Urea put in puffed rice and rice causes nervous system damage and respiratory problem. Sulphuric acid used in milk for condensation causes damage to the cardiac system. Application of excessive and unauthorized pesticides also cause contamination of food, he said adding that additives used for making food items attractive can be lethal if those are cancerous. However, some permitted preservatives, thickening agents, gelling agents, antioxidants, and stabilizers could be harmless if applied in appropriate quantity, said Roy. Food grains, vegetables, and fish also are contaminated by industrial pollution of the soil, air, and water, he said. Burnt engine oil is used to fry Jilapi, while artificial fragrance is applied on flours, said Khalil Ahmed, executive magistrate of Dhaka City Corporation, who operates a mobile court against adulterated foods in the capital. The consequences: The long-term consequences of consuming chemical treated food items will be devastating. The children would be the worst affected group among all if they eat chemical mixed food items. Formaldehyde causes various gastro-intestinal disorders if consumed for long. Most of the chemicals may result in long-term skin diseases, damage lungs and kidneys and some of them can develop cancers. BSTI revealed that about 1,000 drinking water factories exist in the country, only 400 of which have licenses from the BSTI. Bottlers of drinking water factories have mushroomed with little regard to compliance of standard or BSTI license. Despite BSTI cancelling the licenses of 139 bottling factories in the last 18 months, there has been news of setting up of new factories in new locations. The result: children and aged people are facing constant threat of diseases even with the bottled water produced by these factories. The awareness issue: The depressing part is that most of the traders or producers using chemicals in foods are not aware of its long-term impact on human body and surrounding environment. The only driver, which motivates them, is the additional income on sales. Many of them even do not know the name of the chemicals they are spraying on the foods to speed-up the ripening process. They just go to the pharmacy and they get the medicine without any permit. Besides, contaminated food once consumed does not result quickly in human body. Over time, these chemicals slowly turn a human body into an ideal host for deadly diseases and sometimes result in the development of cancer and other fatal diseases. Nevertheless, the government along with media is trying to improve the awareness condition with many activities. The most successful initiative to date was the anti adulteration drive led by a mobile court. This drive started back in 2007 with a team that included a magistrate, media partners and police. For two consecutive years, the drive was a success and the magistrate Rokon-Ud-Dowla became a celebrity. During that time, the mobile court unveiled most of the adulteration mechanisms used by traders and producers. Since the drive was not backed by a comprehensive plan; later when politically challenged; the effectiveness diluted eventually. Penalties The Pure Food Act 1959 that prosecutes offenders of food adulteration has a ludicrously low penalty of Tk. 200. In spite of the nominal fine, the amount realized from the mobile court drives has been enormous. In 2012, a vigilance team of National Consumers Right Protection Directorate has realized taka two lakh and six thousand as fine from different hotels, restaurants and fast food shops for selling adulterated and rotten foods in the International Trade Fair at Sher-e-Bangla Nagar. * Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) was sued in Dhaka due to its use of adulterated vegetable oil to prepare high cost food this year. Authority says KFC out lets of Dhaka and Chittagong have taken no step to maintain standard of foods though many of those were fined for sub-standard foods and unhygienic condition of their kitchens. On August 7, 2011, a mobile court for food in Chittagong found rotten vegetables and tomatoes in their (KFC’s) refrigerator, and found that their salad packets do not have information about the compositions and nutrition facts. Later the court fined BDT 25,000, but said they are punishing minimally only to warn them, KFC should be careful about their quality. 11 BSTI sources revealed that it conducted 1,039 mobile courts across the country in seven months from July 2010 to February 2011 and detected rampant malpractice and adulteration in the food production centers. Some Tk. 23. million were realized as fine during the drives while 1,086 cases were filed and 66 people were sent to jail. 7 The Solution The best solution to reduce adulteration is transparency and regulation. If the process of food produ cers is exposed, they will be forced to provide the customers with good healthy and hygienic food. Some of the solutions could be: * Return of Mobile Court: As mentioned previously, the anti-adulteration mobile court led by Rokon-ud-Dawla was a huge success. It made the restaurants show their true face. The mobile court still exists and has recently found adulterated oil at a KFC outlet. However, many more small and large restaurants have such complaints against them. Therefore, the mobile court’s activity needs to be more widespread and regular. It may also be led by a permanent organization. With such activity restaurant owners will have to be aware about healthy food. * The Transparent Window: The transparent window is a concept where the customers will be able to see the kitchen of a restaurant to ensure hygiene. The kitchen should not be made completely open to public, as restaurants may not want to show their recipe. A completely open kitchen is also vulnerable to dust and therefore unhygienic. Therefore, every kitchen should have a large transparent window through which customers themselves will be able to judge whether the kitchen is hygienic enough. This will directly affect the restaurants as they always look forward to satisfying their customers. * Tax Cut: Restaurants should have an evaluation system governed by the monitoring/regulatory committee. The current VAT rate for restaurants is 15%. If a restaurant gets a full-marks review from that committee the restaurant may be charged with a lesser VAT – say 12. 5%. This will be a great way to motivate restaurant owners to making healthy food. Owners will, to a certain extent, find healthy food a way to lower their price of food and thus be able to attract more customers. Conclusion Food adulteration has been a burning problem in Bangladesh since a few years. Especially after the initiation of the mobile court drive in 2007, widespread media attention has been given to the malpractices prevalent in the food industry. Although it seemed initially that the drive would bring fruitful results, the effort has sagged in recent times. Through revival of the mobile court drive, increase of transparency and motivation of food akers through tax benefit, we can hope to ensure that food will be kept in its own unadulterated form. [ 1 ]. Kurgan, P. Wells, R. (2006). Economics, New York, Worth Publishers. [ 2 ]. Haque, M. M. (2009). Food adulteration by chemicals and diseases. The Financial Express. Retrieved from http://www. thefinancialexpress-bd. com/2009/07/31/74799. html [ 3 ]. Mass campaign to stop food adulteration. (2011). Ret rieved from http://www. rdrsbangla. net/Resources/ContentFile/contentFile_4e82cdc5d1c17. pdf [ 5 ]. Yousuf, M. A. (2011). Nourishment or Toxin: A Critical Appraisal on the Food Adulteration Issue in Bangladesh (Part A). Business Innovation Facility. Retrieved from http://businessinnovationfacility. org/profiles/blogs/nourishment-or-toxin-a-critical-appraisal-on-the-food [ 6 ]. Food adulteration rings alarm bell. (2011). The Daily Star. Retrieved from http://www. thedailystar. net/newDesign/news-details. php? nid=198096 [ 7 ]. Khan, M. A. (2011). Rampant adulteration still a havoc. The Daily Star. Retrieved from http://www. thedailystar. net/newDesign/news-details. php? nid=193429 [ 8 ]. Amin, A. M. ; Rahman, A. S. ; Ahsan, S. ; Khan, I. H. (2004). Eating away our health. Star Weekend Magazine. 4(20). Retrieved from http://www. thedailystar. net/magazine/2004/11/01/cover. htm [ 9 ]. Consumers Rights Protection team realizes fine over Taka two lakh. (2012). Bangladesh Shangbad Shangstha. Retrieved from http://www1. bssnews. net/newsDetails. php? cat=0=223298$date=2012-01-26=2012-02-02 [ 10 ]. Jibon, S. I. (2012). KFC was sued in Bangladesh for using adulterated oil. Digital Journal. Retrieved from http://digitaljournal. com/blog/15050

Tsunami Disasters in Okushiri Island

Tsunami Disasters in Okushiri Island Japan has experienced many disasters that have caused massive loss of property and lives. In 1993, the Hokkaido Nansei-Oki Earthquake Tsunami hit Okushiri Island located to the west of Hokkaido. This disaster was identified as one of the major Tsunamis that have led to destruction of property and lives.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Tsunami Disasters in Okushiri Island specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sources revealed that about 200 people were killed by the raging waters, and property worth about 66 billion Japanese Yen was damaged (Shuto, 2006). Fire outbreaks that resulted from destroyed power lines magnified the losses. Landslides were also rampant owing to the devastating effects of the earthquake. In Okushiri town, 29 people were killed by a landslide when a hotel built under a cliff succumbed to the strong forces of the quake (The Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, 2009). The earthqua ke affected residents both economically and psychologically. The incident left many people traumatized for losing both their property and families. In 2004, another tsunami disaster was experienced on the Indian Ocean frontier. It was reported to be greatest in the land since 1900 (Kelman et al., 2006). In fact, it was reported to be the third largest tsunami in the world. Over 227, 000 people lost lives in 11 countries and about 1.7 million others were left homeless (Kelman et al., 2006). Many children died in the waters and fire outbreaks that resulted from faulty power lines and gas pipes. Statistics also showed that more women than men died. Apart from loss of lives, there was massive damage on coastal ecosystems, coastal forests, mangroves, coral reefs, and rock formations. Marine life was adversely affected and many sea animals died due to strong waves, industrial chemicals, and liquid and solid waste. This disaster had far-reaching economic impacts compared to the Japanâ€⠄¢s 1993 tsunami in Hokkaido. Several factors contributed to the impact of tsunami disasters. Concerning the 1993 tsunami disaster in Hokkaido Japan, the geographical location of the Onkushiri town was a major factor that multiplied the damages (Shuto, 2006). This area was hit by a tsunami whose tides reached magnitudes of 11 meters in height. As anticipated, the tide washed away buildings and caused massive destruction of coastal structures.Advertising Looking for case study on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Massive destruction of coastal buildings was also attributed to an earthquake that was experienced on the shores of the sea. In addition, fire outbreaks also contributed to the devastating effects of the tsunami (Shuto, 2006). Just as was the case with the 1993 tsunami in Hokkaido, the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami had far-reaching economic effects on the economies of affected countries. Geog raphical location was one of the factors that contributed to the severity of the impacts. Coastal lands were massively destroyed by high forceful tides (Asian Disaster Preparedness Council, 2005). Vegetation and structures near the coastal waters were swept away. It can be argued that poor planning contributed to negative economic effects after the tsunami. Locating buildings and infrastructure near ocean shores was not a good idea (Asian Disaster Preparedness Council, 2005). In addition, the question of educating and passing information about dangers of tsunami contributed to massive loss of lives. Governments should have issued a warning to coastal residents in order to avert the disaster (Asian Disaster Preparedness Council, 2005). This would have avoided the massive deaths in one way or another. It is the responsibility of meteorological departments to ensure that in cases of threats such as tsunami, notices are issued to residents so that they can relocate before disaster strik es. The effects of tsunami in Japan could have been reduced if a well-established land use policy had been developed (Shuto, 2006). Such a policy would have prevented establishment of structures such as buildings on coastal areas that are vulnerable to tsunamis. If such areas have to be developed, strict design standards should be developed and followed to the letter (Shuto, 2006). In addition, increased awareness on tsunami risks could as well have reduced the number of deaths in the disaster. The government should also construct barriers along the coastline to protect land from rising tides. Similar mitigation or preventive procedures could have been used during the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Establishment of strict building codes in areas that are exposed to tsunami inundation would have prevented massive destruction of buildings and other infrastructure (Kelman et al., 2006). It could as well have prevented destruction of power lines that caused fire outbreaks.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Tsunami Disasters in Okushiri Island specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Oil pipelines should be removed from these places as a precautionary measure in order to reduce the possibility of fire outbreaks that result from broken fuel and gas pipes when quakes and tsunamis strike (UNESCO, 2006). Stringent land management policies would have prevented establishment of residential and business premises near seashores, and this would have averted the massive loss of lives. Enhanced public awareness both before and during the tsunami would have given people time to prepare and evade the disaster (Kelman et al., 2006). Governments in tsunami-prone areas should consider establishing warning systems that will alert people when such disasters strike or when they are about to occur. References Asian Disaster Preparedness Council. (2005). Social and Economic Impact of  December 2004 Tsunami. Web. Kelman, I., S pence, R., Palmer, J., Petal, M., and Saito, K. (2008). Tourists and disasters: lessons from the 26 December 2004 tsunamis. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 12(3), 105-113. Shuto, Nabuo. (2006). Damage and Reconstruction at Okushiri Town Caused by the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei-Oki Earthquake Tsunami. Journal of Disaster Research, 2(1), 44-45. The Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. (2009). EM-DAT: The  OFDA/CRED International disaster database. Web. UNESCO. (2006). Five Years after the Tsunami in the Indian Ocean – from Strategy to  Implementation. Advancements in global early warning systems for tsunamis and other ocean hazards. Web.Advertising Looking for case study on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More